18 Oct 2026
Heartburn, Acid Reflux and Gastritis: Causes and Relief
2 min readRead More
Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Signs, Causes and Treatment
Always tired, pale or short of breath? Iron deficiency anaemia is common, especially in women. Learn the causes, the blood tests involved and how it is treated.
Quick answer
Iron deficiency anaemia happens when the body lacks iron to make enough haemoglobin, causing tiredness, pale skin, shortness of breath and a fast heartbeat. Common causes are heavy periods, pregnancy, a diet low in iron and blood loss from the gut. A blood test confirms it, and treatment is iron tablets plus finding and treating the cause.
Anaemia is one of the most common blood problems worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that it affects around 30% of women aged 15 to 49.
Symptoms
- Tiredness and lack of energy
- Shortness of breath on exertion
- Pale skin
- Headaches
- Noticeable heartbeat (palpitations)
- Brittle nails, hair loss, or craving ice or non-food items
Common causes
- Heavy menstrual periods
- Pregnancy, when iron needs rise
- Diet low in iron, including some vegetarian and vegan diets
- Blood loss from the stomach or bowel, for example from ulcers or, in older adults, bowel conditions
- Poor absorption, such as in coeliac disease
Diagnosis
Your GP may arrange a full blood count to measure haemoglobin and ferritin (iron stores). Depending on your age and symptoms, more tests may be needed to find the cause.
Unexplained iron deficiency in men or in women after menopause should always be investigated.
Treatment
- Iron tablets are usually taken for several months to restore iron stores. Side effects can include constipation, nausea or dark stools.
- Taking iron with vitamin C (such as orange juice) helps absorption; tea and coffee reduce it, so leave a gap.
- Treat the cause, such as heavy periods.
Iron-rich foods
- Red meat, chicken and fish
- Lentils, beans and chickpeas
- Dark green leafy vegetables
- Dates and dried apricots
- Iron-fortified cereals
When to see a doctor
Book a GP visit if you feel tired for weeks without a clear reason, or have heavy periods. Seek urgent care for chest pain, fainting, severe breathlessness, or black, tarry stools.
Frequently asked questions
Can I take iron tablets without a test?
It is better to have a blood test first. Tiredness has many causes, and taking iron when you don't need it can cause side effects and hide other problems.
How long until I feel better?
Many people feel better within a few weeks, but iron stores take a few months to refill. Your doctor may repeat the blood test.
